1. Federman, Maya N., Harrington, David E., Krynski. “The Impact of State Licensing Regulations on Low-Skilled Immigrants: The Case of Vietnamese Immigrants.” The American Economic Review, Vol. 96, No. 2 (2006), pp. 237-241. Large amounts of Vietnamese go into the manicuring business because, in many states, it does not require them to speak English. The exam to receive a manicure license is given in Vietnamese in states like California, Texas, and Washington. Also, many Vietnamese are highly educated and are able to pass the exams much easier than immigrants with little formal education.
2. Federman, Maya N., Harrington, David E., Krynski, Kathy J. “Vietnamese Manicurists: Are Immigrants Displacing Natives or Finding New Nails to Polish?” Industrial and Labor Relations Review. Vol. 59, No. 2 (Jan. 2006), pp. 302-318. This article discusses how the Vietnamese immigrants are displacing non-Vietnamese immigrants in the manicure business. Vietnamese immigrants tend to work for less because the issue of poverty is not as important to them as providing the basic needs for their family is. This is effecting American employment because immigrants are taking American jobs.
3. “The Legacy of Vietnamese Nail Salons in N. America.” Very Vietnam. April 2011. http://veryvietnam.com/2011-06-04/the-legacy-of-vietnamese-nail-salons-in-n-america/ Tippi Hedren was a famous actress in the 1960s and 1970s. She helped many Vietnamese refugees set up nail salons across the Los Angeles area. She taught them how to preform manicures and helped them make their salons successful. Now 80% of all manicurists are Vietnamese.
4. Montero, Darrell. “Senior Division Winner: Women Vietnamese Refugees in the United States: Maintaining Balance between Two Cultures.” The History Teacher, Vol. 32, No. 1 (Nov., 1998), pp. 90-117. In the Asian culture, women are supposed to stay home and take care of the children. Because many Vietnamese immigrants do no have the option to stay home, they are forced to work in small business or factories. This goes against their culture and forces them to chose between their cultural ideals and feeding their children.
5. Duong, Le Diem. “Immigrant’s Entry Level Business: A Study of Vietnamese Nail Salons.” California State University, Northridge http://www.csun.edu/~sg4002/courses/490/LeD-SFVNailSalons.pdf Large amounts of Vietnamese immigrated to the United States after the fall of Saigon. When they arrived in the United States, mainly California, they began setting up small businesses, especially nail salons, because family is very important to them and a nail salon can become a successful family business with a lot of work and people helping out.
6. Batog, Cristina, Terrazas, Aaron. “US in Focus: Vietnamese Immigrants in the United States.” Migration Information Source. 2011. http://www.migrationinformation.org/USfocus/display.cfm?id=799 Many of the Vietnamese that came to the United States were fairly educated compared to the other immigrants that came during the 1970s. They worked to build up small businesses and emphasized that their children would become highly educated. Most Vietnamese immigrants reside in the United States. Out of all of the large immigrant groups, Vietnamese are the most likely to own there own home.
7. “Why are so many manicurists from Vietnam?” 2009. www.answers.yahoo.com http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20100516183137AA6z836 There are so many Vietnamese manicurists mainly because the Vietnamese will do the same job as a white American for about half of the price. Manicures have become accessible for everyone in the United States because the large amount of Vietnamese workers has decreased the cost to an affordable price for the average American.
8. Tran, My-Thuan. “A mix of luck, polish.” Los Angeles Times. May 5, 2008. http://articles.latimes.com/2008/may/05/local/me-nails5 This article is about how 80% of manicurists are Vietnamese. Many Vietnamese began coming to the United States after the fall of Saigon in 1975. There were about 20 Vietnamese schoolteachers who lived in L.A. and met Tippi Hedren, a famous actress at the time. Tippi helped teach the women how to conduct manicures and helped them set up their businesses. Word started to spread around throughout the Vietnamese refugee committee and then the rise of the Vietnamese manicurist began.
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