Philippines ranks number one in sending migrant female workers in the various countries of Asia (predominantly the China Territories). Speculatively speaking, there will be more women who will continue to work abroad to sustain their family in the Philippines ([See 1]). These women face many hardships such as abuse and discrimination in their search for work abroad ([See 2]). Migration often occurs because of poverty and thus they are treated as such in the country where they work ([See 3]). As Shu-Ju Adeng theorized, there is a category created for the Filipina maids or others in countries such as Taiwan and Hong Kong [(see 4)]. Cameron Wesson also discusses this global phenomenon of migrant working women and the difficulties they face of taking care of two families – their employer’s and their own [(See 4)].

Many of the authors such as Shu-Tu Cheng and other authors have discussed the nature of the treatment of these women. None have really contested varying views with each other [(see 5)]. Rather, they do not necessarily branch out. Rather they focus on the overall experience and there is not one specific topic that has not been covered. There are some view that should be covered such as the further marginalization of the migrant workers and the mentality of the employers when choosing a maid [(See 6)]. This goes along with exploring the reason that these women do what they do. In general, the whole field could be given further exploration of personal experience because not many have given personal accounts of people they have interviewed ([see 7)].

I would like to further the research in the overall experience of theses women especially the mothers who must rear their employers child and their own at the same time. There is also the interesting dynamic of a husband and wife relationship and how a female breadwinner undermines the status of a husband in the Philippines ([See 8)]. I want to make a contribution that will show the plight of the workers from their life in the Philippines to their life abroad. I want to make a comparison of before, during, and after their time in a various countries working for different people ([See 9)].

Annotated Bib

Sources for annotated bib

1) http://articles.hbindependent.com/2011-11-09/entertainment/tn-hbi-1110-boucher-20111107_1_drug-sales-brynn-ashley-boucher-victor-mac-davis

Shadia, Mona. "Waitress Pleads Guilty to Aiding Drug Sales - Huntington Beach               Independent." Featured Articles From The Huntington Beach Independent.    Huntington Beach Independent Article Collections, 09 Nov. 2011. Web. 15 Nov.   2011. <http://articles.hbindependent.com/2011-11-09/entertainment/tn-hbi-1110-            boucher-20111107_1_drug-sales-brynn-ashley-boucher-victor-mac-davis>.

Waitress pleads guilty to aiding drug sales

By Mona Shadia

This article describes the event in which the low wage worker and waitress, Brynn Boucher, aiding a drug pushers by connecting "customers," who actually turned out to be undercover officers, to her cocaine dealer. There was a case brought to court to decide if she should be just as responsible as the actual dealer because she was a major assist in the sale of the cocaine. This article is useful to my lit review because is shows how the struggling waitress is doing some assisting pushing on the side to help earn some extra cash. She got very lucky in the sense she didn't actually have the drugs on her so she doesn't have to serve jail time like the actual dealer Davis was assigned, but she still got herself in a bad situation with 3 years of probation and thousands of dollars of fines by merely trying to earn extra cash because her tip did not suffice in her survival.

2) http://revellian.com/2008/02/22/the-reality-of-casino-bartending-sex-drugs-and-videotape/

Revel, Bobby. "The Reality of Casino Bartending- Sex, Drugs and   Videotape |      Revellian." Revellian | Transgressional Fiction - Absurd Fiction. Revellian. Web.           15 Nov. 2011. <http://revellian.com/2008/02/22/the-reality-of-casino-bartending-   sex-drugs-and-videotape/>.

The Reality of Casino Bartending- Sex, Drugs and Videotape

By: Bobby Revell

This web blog was written in first person by a bartender who worked at a casino. He writes about his experiences of all the drugs that circulate between cocktail waitresses, bar backs, customers, and even management staff! Two of the cocktail waitresses on their break snorted oxy cotton pills, threw up on the job while handling 31 beverages that the bartender made for them to serve. The two waitresses puked while saving the drinks, not spilling a drop. This is extremely useful for my lit review because it shows how open drug use and selling is in the casino/ restaurant business. Even management staff is taking drugs on the job from workers below their ranking. It also shows how drug use has become a normal routine in every day work. The girls who snorted oxycotton were so accustomed to working that messed up it hardly affected their job performance.

3)http://www.drugs.com/forum/pill-identification/white-oblong-m363-tip-waitress-29577.html

Andrew. "White, Oblong, M363... Tip for Waitress? - Drugs.com." Drugs.com |    Prescription Drug Information, Interactions & Side Effects. Web. 15 Nov. 2011.   <http://www.drugs.com/forum/pill-identification/white-oblong-m363-tip-   waitress-29577.html>.

Andrew posted on Drugs.com web blog pill identifier.

A male waiter trying to identify a pill writes this web blog posted on drugs.com he received wrapped up in a five dollar bill tip. He discusses how this was given to him from a regular customer who he previously was complaining about his back pain to. This post shows how working low wage workers are even willing to take pills from strangers and identify their usage to help ease the rough conditions they are forced to work in. Waiters are stooping to a level of desperation they will take the risk of receiving pills from essentially strangers instead of immediately throwing it out.

4) http://uk.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20101002115906AAy0uiA

Rosie. "Mystery Waitress Doing Drugs at Work...? - Yahoo! UK &                         Ireland Answers." Yahoo! Answers UK - Ask Questions & Get             Answers On Any Topic. Web. 15 Nov. 2011. <http:// uk.answers.yahoo.com/question/indexqid=20101002115906AAy0uiA>.

Mystery waitress doing drugs at work...? by Rosie

In this yahoo answer blog post Rosie is asking help to identify what kind of drugs her sketchy co worker is doing. She notices her co worker often going to the bathroom with a water bottle and coming out with it filled which is strange to the small restraurant workers because she easily could fill it at the workstation sink. This shows how drug usage of waitresses no only effects their change of personality, but it concerns co workers and managers as well. Rosie makes a statement how she thinks these drugs just a huge waste of money-- they suspect her using cocaine. But to the waitress using, high on the job could be well worth the usage of her money 

5)http://0-web.ebscohost.com.sculib.scu.edu/ehost/detail?vid=6&hid=18&sid=d1923347-3ea9-4a65-9b2c-a118f33755cc%40sessionmgr10&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=a9h&AN=4949904

 Rose, Mike. "The Working Life Of A Waitress." Mind, Culture & Activity 8.1 (2001): 3-27. Academic Search Complete. Web. 15 Nov. 2011.

In this scholarly article Rose explores the hardships and stresses that come with holding a job as the low wage worker, a waitress by interviewing his mother. The physical, cognitive, social, and emotional dimensions of the job create a working environment that is no where near ideal. This article will help me portray reasons the use of drugs with low wage workers is prevalent on and off the job because it physically eases the pain that comes with running in circles all day, holding heavy treys, and bending over to clean floors Rose describes. He even discusses his mother obtaining arthritis from waitressing. Drugs help mentally reduce frustrations of dealing with rude customers described in the article. And drug use temporarily emotionally numbs waitresses when they have in the back of their head this is their only option of survival with limited education. Although it doesn't directly relate to drug use, many reasons are clear in the article as to why many waitresses do.

6)Shipler, David K. The Working Poor: Invisible in America. Vintage Books, a division of Random House, Inc. New York, 2004.

In Shiplers book he discusses how society brushes past the fact there are struggling low wage workers out there who are barley making a living. This relates to my topic because of waitresses low wages, they may try and push drugs on the side to help make extra cash, which often results in them using the drug theirselves because it is at hand and available. Also because they are invisible to the rest of society, using drugs may help ease their feelings of less importance in this world.

7) Ehrenreich, Barbara. Nickel and Dimed. New York, New York: Holt Paperbacks, 2001.

Ehrenreich writes about the difficult work envolved in holding a job at a low wage restaurant business. Also, since the works pay hardly holds up to a suitable standard of living, low wage restaurant workers may try and hold two jobs. An alternate job could easily be selling drugs which relates to my topic of waitresses and drug use.

  

8) Kovacik, Karen. "Between L=A=N=G-U=A=G=E And Lyric: The Poetry Of Pink-Collar Resistance." NWSA Journal 13.1 (2001): 22. Academic Search Complete. Web. 15 Nov. 2011.

In this collection of poems the emotions and hardships of being an American female waitress are portrayed. The ways of resisting and escaping the emotional distress are included in the poems. One way of escaping is through drug use. It masks true feelings and temporarily helps create a more comfortable state of being.

 9)Moody, Maryam. "Steak & Eggs." Off Our Backs 34.1/2 (2004): 26-32. Academic Search Complete. Web. 15 Nov. 2011.

This scholarly article describes the real experience of a waitress being sexually harassed by one of her customers. He makes remarks on  her lack of make up, rude remarks, love life and takes great interest in her when it is not appropriate. This kind of experience a low wage worker may go through could permanently scar them, and physiologically push them to take part in drug usage to help them feel better at work, and after work.

Mallory Miller

Annotated Bibliography

1. Federman, Maya N., Harrington, David E., Krynski. “The Impact of State Licensing Regulations on Low-Skilled Immigrants: The Case of Vietnamese Immigrants.” The American Economic Review, Vol. 96, No. 2 (2006), pp. 237-241. Large amounts of Vietnamese go into the manicuring business because, in many states, it does not require them to speak English. The exam to receive a manicure license is given in Vietnamese in states like California, Texas, and Washington. Also, many Vietnamese are highly educated and are able to pass the exams much easier than immigrants with little formal education.

2. Federman, Maya N., Harrington, David E., Krynski, Kathy J. “Vietnamese Manicurists: Are Immigrants Displacing Natives or Finding New Nails to Polish?” Industrial and Labor Relations Review. Vol. 59, No. 2 (Jan. 2006), pp. 302-318. This article discusses how the Vietnamese immigrants are displacing non-Vietnamese immigrants in the manicure business. Vietnamese immigrants tend to work for less because the issue of poverty is not as important to them as providing the basic needs for their family is. This is effecting American employment because immigrants are taking American jobs.

3. “The Legacy of Vietnamese Nail Salons in N. America.” Very Vietnam. April 2011. http://veryvietnam.com/2011-06-04/the-legacy-of-vietnamese-nail-salons-in-n-america/ Tippi Hedren was a famous actress in the 1960s and 1970s. She helped many Vietnamese refugees set up nail salons across the Los Angeles area. She taught them how to preform manicures and helped them make their salons successful. Now 80% of all manicurists are Vietnamese.

4. Montero, Darrell. “Senior Division Winner: Women Vietnamese Refugees in the United States: Maintaining Balance between Two Cultures.” The History Teacher, Vol. 32, No. 1 (Nov., 1998), pp. 90-117. In the Asian culture, women are supposed to stay home and take care of the children. Because many Vietnamese immigrants do no have the option to stay home, they are forced to work in small business or factories. This goes against their culture and forces them to chose between their cultural ideals and feeding their children.

5. Duong, Le Diem. “Immigrant’s Entry Level Business: A Study of Vietnamese Nail Salons.” California State University, Northridge http://www.csun.edu/~sg4002/courses/490/LeD-SFVNailSalons.pdf Large amounts of Vietnamese immigrated to the United States after the fall of Saigon. When they arrived in the United States, mainly California, they began setting up small businesses, especially nail salons, because family is very important to them and a nail salon can become a successful family business with a lot of work and people helping out.

6. Batog, Cristina, Terrazas, Aaron. “US in Focus: Vietnamese Immigrants in the United States.” Migration Information Source. 2011. http://www.migrationinformation.org/USfocus/display.cfm?id=799 Many of the Vietnamese that came to the United States were fairly educated compared to the other immigrants that came during the 1970s. They worked to build up small businesses and emphasized that their children would become highly educated. Most Vietnamese immigrants reside in the United States. Out of all of the large immigrant groups, Vietnamese are the most likely to own there own home.

7. “Why are so many manicurists from Vietnam?” 2009. www.answers.yahoo.com http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20100516183137AA6z836 There are so many Vietnamese manicurists mainly because the Vietnamese will do the same job as a white American for about half of the price. Manicures have become accessible for everyone in the United States because the large amount of Vietnamese workers has decreased the cost to an affordable price for the average American.

8. Tran, My-Thuan. “A mix of luck, polish.” Los Angeles Times. May 5, 2008. http://articles.latimes.com/2008/may/05/local/me-nails5 This article is about how 80% of manicurists are Vietnamese. Many Vietnamese began coming to the United States after the fall of Saigon in 1975. There were about 20 Vietnamese schoolteachers who lived in L.A. and met Tippi Hedren, a famous actress at the time. Tippi helped teach the women how to conduct manicures and helped them set up their businesses. Word started to spread around throughout the Vietnamese refugee committee and then the rise of the Vietnamese manicurist began.

My Contribution

As soon as I got the project to write on living a low wage life, I was excited to say the least. See, I feel as though I am one of few who have actually had a job working for minimum or low wages at some point in my life. I worked for minimum wage since I was 15 until I came to school here at Santa Clara. I decided that I wanted to work on the topic of teenagers in the workplace, and more specifically teenagers working for a small family owned business. I worked for a small family owned business so I figure that I can write easier about something I have first-hand experience in.

I plan to focus on teenagers working for small, family owned businesses that are struggling, as this is what I did for nearly two years. I will also compare teenagers working for small businesses with teenagers working in other areas (retail, movie theatres, dining). I will interview my friends, family, acquaintances, and others to find out what their low wage life was like and the struggles they had with it.

This hypertext will focus primarily on the struggles that working for a struggling business includes. The constant demand of showing up to work on time and working your hardest so the company doesn’t fail due to your laziness. Due to the stress endured in the conditions, teens feel like work can become more important than school or sports, which normally in high school it shouldn’t be. I’ll also focus on how management positions tend to manipulate teenagers into thinking that work comes first over anything in their young life.

annotated bibliographie

Shipler, David K. The Working Poor: Invisible in America. Vintage Books, a division of Random House, Inc. New York, 2004.

Shipler introduces the hard complications of the working poor in his book “The Working Poor”. He goes to the extent of evaluating the critical reasons as to why the working poor are truly poor. Shipler talks about the endless loopholes that the poor get into and can't get out of, and he also goes into detail about the poor trying to keep as much pride and dignity as possible, considering their struggles. All of this can be directly translated to ranch workers because they too are struggling and having to jump through loopholes to get by in America.

Ise, Sabrina, and Jeffrey M. Perloff. Legal Status and Earnings of Agricultural Workers. American Journal of Agricultural Economics. 2nd ed. Vol. 77. Oxford UP. Jstor. May 1995. Web. Nov. 2010. .

Many times, ranch workers are illegal migrant workers however this article found that even legal migrant workers often are being treated unfairly and not being paid fair wages. It argues that legal workers and illegal workers receive comparable treatment and wages, both being well below the legal minimums. I will use this article to compare the legal workers and illegal migrant workers on farms and ranches.

Schlosser, Eric. Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal. Boston: Houghton, 2001

Like Nickeled and dimed, Fast Food Nation does not talk about retail but goes in depth about the many risks that low wage workers take on a daily basis. These risks are similar but different to those which a retail worker takes, but the same consequences apply psychologically. This book may not apply to the ranch hands work directly, but they are still struggling with getting by just as the workers in fast food resturants are. Also, ranch hands are subject to deal with the fast food workers because it is an easy meal option for them.

“ The Real Life Of A Ranch Hands Wife”

This blog provides the insite and view of a ranch hands wife. It was helpful for getting the prespective of a ranch hand family and the struggles that come with being a ranch hand and how those effect the family life. This blog covers the day to day issues that being a ranch hands brings up, and how ranch hands handle the uncertainties that life throws their way. I will use this blog entry when discussing the hardships, as well as rewards that being a full time ranch hand brings.

HowStuffWorks "What You Need to Know to Be a Ranch Hand"" HowStuffWorks "Adventure" Web. 8 Nov. 2011. .

This website provides information on what one needs to be a ranch hand, as well as insight on the life of a ranch hand. They discuss the many skills ranch hands must have and talk about the fact that no matter what ranch hands must work every day because ranches never stop operating. This website also takes the reader into the life of an average ranch hand and gives another point of view to the situation.

"Farm and Ranch Workers." ISEEK | Minnesota's Career, Education, and Job Resource. Web. 10 Nov. 2011. .

This website was a job-finding website that places job hunters with jobs, specifically ranch and farm based jobs. Now, this jobsite is fairly straight forward, but it goes in depth on the amount of money ranch and farm hands make and what exactly they are doing to make that money. It also gives a detailed descriptions on how the ranches and farms are run.

Matt Stockamp's Annotated Bib

1. Jiménez, Francisco. Reaching out. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2008. Print.

This book is about the life of Francisco Jimenez and the hardships he had in life leading up to his college experiences at Santa Clara. It is a very good resource for me to use as my focus will be largely determined by his father’s personality. Due to his father not being able to provide for his family, he becomes depressed and has many other significant qualities applicable to my project.

2. Ehrenreich, Barbara. Nickel and Dimed: on (not) Getting by in America. New York: Metropolitan, 2001. Print.

This book places a lot of focus on the culture of poverty. Ehrenreich spends a long amount of time doing a minimum wage job to see if she can get by as an unskilled American worker. Through her behavior at the end of the book, and the behavior of those whom she encounters, the reader can make observations about how one responds with the lack of self value in a low wage life.

3. Schlosser, Eric. "In the Strawberry Fields - Magazine - The Atlantic." The Atlantic — News and Analysis on Politics, Business, Culture, Technology, National, International, and Life – TheAtlantic.com. Web. 10 Nov. 2011. .

This article is an overview of the conditions of workers in the strawberry fields of California’s central valley. It focuses on their mistreatment and the things they struggle with every day such as long, hard days physically, dealing with pesticides, and low wages.

4. Rodriguez, Arturo S. "Organizing Strawberry Fields Forever. (organized Labor in the Nation's Strawberry Business) - Social Policy | HighBeam Research." Research - Articles - Journals | Find Research Fast at HighBeam Research. Web. 10 Nov. 2011. .

This article also focuses on the mistreatment of migrant workers in the strawberry fields of California’s central valley, but especially on the low wages these workers make. Migrant field workers are paid below minimum wage and corporations are very manipulative in cheating their employees. These low wages make life impossible for families in these circumstances.

5. Preston, Julia. "Fewer Latino Immigrants Sending Money Home - The New York Times." The New York Times - Breaking News, World News & Multimedia. Web. 10 Nov. 2011. .

This article talks about a decreasing rate of Latinos sending money back home to Mexico. This is ironic because that is the reason for most immigrants going to America. As life has gotten harder in the US as it relates to wages, Latinos are keeping the cash they make to support themselves.

6. Ivey, Linda L. "Ethnicity in the Land: Cost Stories in California Agriculture." Web. .

This article intends to represent the views of migrant workers in agricultural fields in northern California. It seeks to recover some of the stories obscured by broad brush strokes of California agricultural history by examining the local dynamics of ethnic participation and interethnic cooperation in one agricultural region. It also reveals the truly multicultural nature of the development of California agriculture.

7. Wells, Miriam J. Strawberry Fields: Politics, Class, and Work in California Agriculture. Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP, 1996. Print.

This book focuses on the economic and political factors that have had a large affect on immigrant fieldworkers in northern California. Wells writes a lot about the different socio-economic levels and how a capitalist system has failed in these fields, reverting back to sharecropping.

8. Maldonado, Marta M. "Racial Triangulation of Latino/a Workers by Agricultural Employers." Web. .

This article focuses on the racism that employers hold over different ethnic groups working in the fields of NW America. While this is not in California, I found that many of the themes in this article resonate with things that happen in California. Recently immigrated Latinos are most valued because they are the most desperate. These employers are abusive, as they create a division of labor.

9. Hastings, Julia, Sarah Taylor, and Michael J. Austin. The Status of Low-Income Families in the Post-Welfare Reform Environment: Mapping the Relationships Between Poverty and Family. 2004. Print.

This article is an overview of low-income families across the US, but is helpful to understand how the culture of poverty works. It dives deep into what happens firsthand in family life, and is an ethnographic work that provides a great contribution in the area of sympathizing with America’s poor.

David Newton: Bibliography

Original Contribution

I want to explore the lives of minimum wage graveyard shift workers – those who work overnight – and specifically their ways of coping with abnormal sleep patterns. This shifts away from my original plan for this hypertext, but I feel that with such a topic I will be able to collect data more easily. I intend to interview night shift workers from a wide range of employers.

Annotated Bibliography

Boushey, Heather, and Shawn Fremstad. "The Wages of Exclusion: Low-Wage Work And Inequality." New Labor Forum 17.2 (2008): 9-19. Alternative Press Index. Web. 9 Nov. 2011.

Boushey calls into question the legitimacy of the national poverty line. She writes that the concept of poverty is far more complex than a wage threshold written as a simple dollar per hour rate. This paper investigates the importance of having low-wage jobs to an economy, suggesting at the end that an unequally distributed wealth promotes health and better average quality of life. This source also presents profound pieces of data regarding the bottom portion of wage earners.

Chan, Anita, and Kaxton Siu. "Analyzing Exploitation: The Mechanisms Underpinning Low Wages And Excessive Overtime In Chinese Export Factories." Critical Asian Studies 42.2 (2010): 167-190. Alternative Press Index. Web. 10 Nov. 2011.

This paper uses the example of business hours policy in Chinese export factories to analyze the universal practice of worker exploitation. Chan takes original surveys and discovers trends in unequal employment and wage distribution at the low-wage level. Her research involves the separate examination of trend differences between genders and age groups. The study involves the analysis of workers’ attitudes as well.

Christopher, Karen. "Welfare As We." Feminist Economics 10.2 (2004): 143-171. Alternative Press Index. Web. 10 Nov. 2011.

This paper focuses on single mothers living with little-to-no income and the changes they face as welfare policy changes. A section subtitled “Income, Poverty, and Hardships” details the extent of single-mother poverty. Thorough examination of wage data creates a vivid picture of what the low-wage life means for single mothers. A subsequent section subtitled “Hardships” explains the implications of such low wages.

D'Ambrosio, Antonino. "The People You Don't See." New Labor Forum 13.2 (2004): 136-139. Alternative Press Index. Web. 9 Nov. 2011.

A first generation American, D’Ambrosio experienced poverty and the low-wage life first-hand. He writes of his parents’ experiences working for desperately low wages upon reaching America from Italy. He comments on the role of the media in aggravating the relationship between businesses and immigrants, later going on to analyze the film Dirty Pretty Things and relating it to the relationship.

Ehrenreich, Barbara. Nickel and Dimed: on (not) Getting by in America. New York, NY: Henry Holt, 2002. Print.

The author of this book takes the time to experience low-wage life first hand. Her experience entails actually working a minimum-wage job and spending only according to a low-wage budget. She writes of not only her own experiences during her research period, but of the people she encounters in her work. She learns the behind-the-scenes aspect of low-wage life – the part that the normal consumer doesn’t get to witness

Schlosser, Eric. Fast Food Nation: the Dark Side of the All-American Meal. New York, NY: Harper Perennial, 2005. Print.

Schlosser choses an issue with multiple stake-holders, each desperately trying to keep its head above water. He examines the consequences of each individual stake-holder’s actions upon the others through interviews and talks with hatchery owners, restaurant franchisees, and restaurant workers. His non-partisan approach to the issue illustrates the idea that in all matters of business with multiple stake-holders, all members of the production process suffer in one way or another.

Shipler, David K. The Working Poor: Invisible in America. New York: Vintage, 2005. Print.

This work takes the form of a novel, but involves much new data on the lives of low-wage workers. Shipler takes a compassionate look into the lives of several different minimum or sub-minimum wage workers, including the lives of illegal immigrants. This source, especially, depicts the daily lives of low-wage workers outside of the workplace. Shipler describes the impact of poverty on family life and the psyche.

Stapleford, Thomas. "Defining A 'Living Wage' In America: Transformations In Union Wage Theories, 1870-1930." Labor History 49.1 (2008): 1-22. Alternative Press Index. Web. 10 Nov. 2011.

This paper makes an in-depth analysis of the concept of a “living wage.” Stapleford traces the definition of the term as it changes over history. He relates the changing concept of “living wage” to changing qualities of life using surveys and other data regarding wages and costs of living.